Hello, I am Dr Srinivas Kandula M.D, D.N.B (Endocrinology) working as a consultant Endocrinologist at CARE group of hospitals, Hyderabad. Through this platform I intend to make my services easily accessible to my patients and others seeking medical care for any endocrine condition.
HbA1c: Normal - < 5.7%, Prediabetes- 5.7% to 6.4%, Diabetes-6.5% or higher
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG): Fasting means after not having anything to eat or drink (except water) for atleast 8 hours before the test. The test is usually done first thing in the morning before breakfast.
Normal- less than 100mg/dl
Prediabetes- 100mg/dl to 125mg/dl
Diabetes- 126mg/dl or higher
MoreThyroid gland is an important part of the endocrine system. It is a butterfly shaped gland situated in the neck. It synthesizes and releases an important hormone, thyroxine, which is essential for normal metabolism and functioning of every organ system in the body. In the fetus and during the first three years of life thyroxine is essential for normal brain development. During childhood, thyroxine is essential for normal growth and development. It plays a vital role in adolescents in helping them progress through puberty.
MorePrecocious puberty is characterized by early or premature development of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 8 years in girls and before the age of 9 years in boys. Normally secondary sexual characteristics or physical signs of puberty develop between 8 to 13 years of age in girls and 9 to 14 years of age in boys. Any delay in development of secondary sexual characteristics beyond 13 years in girls and beyond 14 years in boys is called delayed puberty. Both precocious and delayed puberty need endocrine evaluation to determine the underlying cause.
MorePolycystic ovarian disease/ syndrome is one of the most common endocrine conditions seen among young women. The incidence of PCOD has been increasing over the past few years. This is attributed to the changing life style habits. Intake of a high calorie diet and practicing a sedentary life style have led to an increase in prevalence of obesity and PCOD. Although obesity is seen in majority of women with PCOD, around 30% of them are non- obese. Common symptoms of PCOD include menstrual irregularities in the form of infrequent periods, unwanted hair growth (hirsutism) and having an evidence of enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts on USG. Ovaries in women with PCOD fail to ovulate and thereby not produce an important hormone called progesterone.
MoreOsteoporosis, It is a common condition seen in the elderly population. With advancing age there is a decrease in bone mass and disruption in bone micro-architecture resulting in bones becoming increasingly fragile, resulting in a high risk of fracture following even a trivial trauma. Women in the post-menopausal age group are the most vulnerable population. Common sites of fractures include hip, spine, femur (thigh bone) and forearm. The risk is higher in those with a history of fractures in the past. As they carry a high morbidity and adversely affect their quality of life, it is of utmost importance to prevent these osteoporotic fractures in the elderly. General measures that need to be addressed include prevention of falls, avoiding prolonged immobilization, diet adequate in calcium and vitamin D.
MoreHirsutism or unwanted hair growth is a frustrating condition for many women. The unwanted hair growth, which is usually coarse and pigmented, may involve upper lip, chin, cheeks, abdomen, back, arms and thighs. Hirsutism in women occurs either because of increased levels of testosterone or increased sensitivity of hair follicles to normal testosterone levels. Commonest cause of hirsutism in young females is PCOD (polycystic ovarian disease). Drugs like phenytoin, certain progesterone preparations, diazoxide and a few anti-cancer medications may also cause hirsutism. Other endocrine conditions which need to be considered in hirsute women are hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia (increased prolactin levels) growth hormone excess state (acromegaly), Cushings syndrome (increased cortisol levels ) and late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia (LOCAH), depending on the clinical scenario.
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